Narrative Validating of Women's Governance Condemnation (Case Study: Abū Bakrah's Narratives)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Theology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Hadith and Quran Sciences, Qom University, Qom, Iran.

Abstract

The development of Muslim women's activities and role-accepting in various social layers, including policy making and governance, has always been under the influence of various narratives, such as "Lan Yufliḥa Qawmun wallaw Amruhum Imraʼah," "Yakhruju Qawmun Halakay lā Yufliḥūna Qāʼiduhum Imraʼata Qāʼiduhum fil Jannat," and "Halakat al-Rijālu ḥīna Aṭāʼat al-Nisāʼ," which are attributed to Abū Bakrah. This has constantly posed a serious challenge and relegated women's status in social activities, handing over the role of shaping to men. The present study aims to demonstrate, through analytical and descriptive methods based on library sources, the emergence and significance of such narratives, which have been widely cited by jurists to restrict women's access to social positions and major decision-making. The research results indicated that the narratives discussed by Abū Bakrah, a freed slave of the Prophet, were introduced in Basra and the narrator justified his non-interference in the Battle of the Camel by fabricating this text and attributing it to the Prophet. The "Lan Yuflaḥ" narrative and its similar counterparts, in addition to having weak Isnād, contain texts that contradict historical reports, as evidenced by the just and rational governance of two Iranian queens in the Sasanian government.

Keywords

References

  1. Sources

    1. Abū Rayyah, M. (n.d.). Shaykh al-Maḍīrah Abū Hurayrah Awal Rāwīyah Ittahama fī al-Islām. Beirut: al-Aʻalamī Foundation.
    2. Abī Dāwūd al-Sijistānī, S. (1989 AD/1410 AH). Sunan Abī Dāwūd. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
    3. ________ . (1997 AD/1418 AH). Sūʼālāt al-Ājarī li Abī Dawūd. al-Saʻudiyya: Maktabat Dar al-Istiqama.
    4. Abī Naʻīm al-Iṣbahānī, A. (1934). Dhikr Akhbār Iṣbahān. Liden: al-Maḥrūsah bi Matbaʻah Biril.
    5. Albānī, M. (1985 AD/1405 AH). Arwāʼ al-Ghalīl fī Takhrīji Ahādīthi Minār al-Sabīl. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islām.
    6. Amīnī, A. (1999 AD/1420 AH). al-Waḍḍāʻūn wa Aḥādīthuhum. al-Ghadīr Islamic Studies Center.
    7. ʻAbdul Ḥayy, A. (1984 AD/1363 SH). Zayn al-Akhbār. Tehran: Donyay-e Ketab.
    8. ʻAbdul Razzāq Ṣanʻānī, A. (n.d.). al-Muṣannaf. (N.p.): (n.n.).
    9. ʻAjlūnī, A. (1987 AD/1408 AH). Kashf al-Khifāʼ wa Muzīl al-Albās ʻAmmā Ishtahar min al-Aḥādīth ʻAlā al-Sunnah al-Nās. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlamīyyah.
    10. ʻAynī, b. (n.d.). ʻUmdah al-Qārī. Beirut: Dār Iḥiyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
    11. Bukhārī, M. (1980 AD/1401 AH). Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
    12. Bastawī, A. (1999 AD/1420 AH). Mawsūʻah fī al-Aḥādīth al-Imām al-Mahdī al-Ḍaʻīfah wa al-Mawḍūʻah. Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm.
    13. Baghdādī, M. (1982 AD/1361 SH). al-Maḥbar. Matbaʻah al-Dāʼirah.
    14. Baghawī Farrāʼ, Ḥ. (n.d.). Maʻālim al-Tanzīl fī Tafsīr al-Qurān. Beirut: Dār al-Maʻrifah.
    15. Balʻamī, A. (1999 AD/1378 SH). Ṭabarī History Book. Tehran: Surūsh.
    16. Banāktī, D. (1959 AD/1338 SH). Rawḍah Ulil al-Bāb fī Maʻrifah al-Tawārīkh wa al-Ansāb. Tehran: Association of National Artifacts.
    17. Bayāt, A. (1969 AD/1348 SH). Comparative History of Iran with Countries of the World. Tehran: Amir Kabir.
    18. Bayhaqī, A. (n.d.). al-Sunan Al-Kubrā. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
    19. ________ . (1985 AD/1405 AH). Dalāʼil al-Nubuwwah wa Maʻrifah Aḥwāl Ṣāḥib al-Sharīʻah. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlamīyyah.
    20. Christensen, A. (n.d.). Iranians during the Sassanid Period. (Yasami, R. Trans). Tehran: Donyay-e Ketab.
    21. Dāruqtunī, A. (1985 AD/1405 AH). al-ʻIlal al-Wāridah fī Aḥādīth al-Nabawīyyah. Riyadh: Dār Ṭayyibah.
    22. ________ . (1996 AD/1417 AH). Sunan al-Dāruqtunī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyyah.
    23. Dhahabī, M. (2003 AD/1382 Sh). Mīzān al-Iʻtidāl fī Naghd al-Rijāl. Beirut: Dār al-Maʻrifah.
    24. ________ . (1988 AD/1409 AH). Tārīkh al-Islām wa Wafayyāt al-Mashāhīr wa al-Aʻlam. Beirut: Dār Al Kitāb al-ʻArabī.
    25. Firdawsi, A. (1962 AD/1341 SH). Shahnameh. Based on the Moscow version. Tehran: Noor.
    26. Granovsky et al. A. (1980 AD/1359 SH). History of Iran from Ancient Times to Today. (Keshavarz, K. Trans). Tehran: Toos.
    27. Ḥākim Niyshābūrī, M. (n.d.). al-Mustadrak ʻAlā al-Ṣaḥīḥayn. Beirut: Dār al-Maʻrifah.
    28. Ḥamawī, Y. (2019). Muʻjam al-Buldān. Beirut: Dār Iḥyaʼ al-Turāth.
    29. Haythamī, A. (1987 AD/1408 AH). Majmaʻ al-Zawāʼid wa Manbaʻ al-Fawāʼid. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyyah.
    30. Hidāyat, R. (1994 AD/1373 SH). Fihris al-Tawārīkh. (Nawaʼi, A; Muhadith, M.H. Trans). Tehran: Humanities and Cultural Studies Research Institute.
    31. Ibn Athīr, A. (1992 AD/1371 SH). The Great Complete History of Islam and Iran. (Khalīlī, A; Ḥālat, A. Trans). Tehran: Scientific Press Institute.
    32. ________ . (1985 AD/1364 SH). al-Nihāyah fī Gharīb al-Ḥadīth wa al-Athar. Qom: al-Ismāʻīlīān Foundation.
    33. Ibn Abī Ḥātam Rāzī, A.D. (n.d.). al-Jarḥ wa al-Taʻdīl. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
    34. Ibn Abī al-Ḥadīd, A. (1959). Sharḥ Nahj al-Balāghah. Qom: Ismāʻīlīān Press Institute.
    35. Ibn Abī Yaʻlī, M. (n.d.). Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābalah. Beirut: Dār al-Maʻrafah.
    36. Ibn Jawzī, A. (1966). al-Mawḍūʻāt. Medina: al-Maktab al-Salafīyyah.
    37. Ibn Ḥabbān, M. (n.d.). al-Majrūḥīn min al-Muḥaddithīn wa al-Ḍuʻafāʼ wa al-Matrūkīn. Mecca: Dār al-Bāz.
    38. ________ . (2012 AD/1392 SH). al-Thiqāt. Haydarabad: al-Kutub al-Thaqāfīyyah Foundation.
    39. ________ . (1990 AD/1411 AH). Mashāhīr ʻUlamāʼ al-Amṣār. al-Mansurah: Dār al-Wafāʼ.
    40. Ibn Ḥajar al-ʻAsqalānī, A. (1983 AD/1404 AH). Tahdhīb al-Tahdhīb. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
    41. ________ . (1987 AD/1408 AH). Fatḥ al-Bārī Introduction. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
    42. ________ . (n.d.). Fatḥ al-Bārī. Beirut: Dār al-Maʻrafah lil Ṭabāʻah wa al-Nashr.
    43. ________ . (1994 AD/1415 AH). al-Iṣābah fī Tamyīz al-Ṣaḥābah. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Alamiya.
    44. Ibn Ḥajar Hītamī, A. (n.d.). Mukhtaṣar Taṭhīr al-Janān wa al-Lisān ʻan al-Khawḍ wa al-Tafwah Bithalb Muʻāwīyah b. Abī Sufyān. Summary by Sulaymān b. Ṣāliḥ al-Kharāshī. (n.p.): Dār ʻUlūm al-Sunnah.
    45. Ibn Ḥanbal, A. (n.d.). Musnad. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir.
    46. Ibn Saʻd, M. (n.d.). al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir.
    47. Ibn ʻAbdul Barr, Y. (1991 AD/1412 AH). al-Istīʻāb. Beirut: Dār al-Jabal.
    48. Ibn Qutaybah Dīniwarī, A. (2003 AD/1382 SH). Akhbār al-Ṭawāl. (Damghani, M. Trans). Tehran: Ney Publishing.
    49. Ibn Kathīr, A. (1988 AD/1408 AH). al-Badāyah wa al-Nahāyah: (Shiri, A. Ed). Beirut: Dār Iḥyaʼ al-Tūrāth al-ʻArabī.
    50. Ibn Miskawayh, A. (1997 AD/1376 SH). Tajārib al-Umam. (Imami, A; Munzawi, A.N. Trans). Tehran: Surūsh.
    51. Jurjānī, A. (1988 AD/1409 AH). al-Kāmil fī Ḍuʻafaʼ al-Rijāl. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
    52. Khānd Mīr, Gh. (n.d.). Tārīkh Ḥabīb al-Sīr. Tehran: Khayyam.
    53. Kanānī, A. (n.d.). Tanzīh al-Sharīʻah al-Marfūʻah ʻan al-Akhbār al-Shanīʻah al-Mawḍūʻah. Egypt: Cairo School.
    54. Muttaqī Hindī, A. (1989 AD/1409 AH). Kanz al-ʻUmāl fī sunan al-Aqwāl wa al-Afʻāl. (n.p.): al-Risalah Foundation.
    55. Majlisī, M. (1984 AD/1403 AH). Biḥār al-Anwār al-Jāmiʻah li Durar Akhbār al-Aʼimmah al-Aṭhār. Beirut: al-Wafāʼ Foundation.
    56. Mizzī, Y. (1987 AD/1406 AH). Tahdhīb al-Kamāl fī Asmāʼ al-Rijāl. Beirut: Risalah Foundation.
    57. Mustuwfī, H. (1983 AD/1362 SH). Selected Date. (Nawa’I, A. Ed). Tehran: Amir Kabir.
    58. Muslim, M. (n.d.). Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Beirut: Dār al-Fīkr.
    59. Malek Zadeh Bayani. M. (1969 AD/1348 SH). "History and Numismatics of Purandekht Kingdom." Journal of Historical Studies. Vol. 4, pp.19-34.
    60. Malkam, S. (2001 AD/1380 SH). Complete History of Iran. (Hirat, E. Trans). Tehran: Afsun.
    61. Manāwī, M. (1994 AD/1415 AH). Fayḍ al-Qadīr Sharḥ al-Jāmiʻ al-Ṣaghīr min Aḥādīth al-Bashīr wa al-Nadhīr. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyyah.
    62. Motzki, H. (2010 AD/1389 SH). Islamic Hadith, Origins and Development. (Kariminiya, M. Trans). Qom: Dār al-Hadīth.
    63. Mūsawī Ardabīlī, A. (2000 AD/1421 AH). Fiqh al-Qaḍāʼ .Qom: al-Nashar Foundation for al-Mufid University.
    64. Mīr khānd, M. (2001 AD/1380 SH). Tārīkh Rawḍah al-Ṣafā fī Sīrah al-Anbīyāʼ wa al-Mulūk wa al-Khulafāʼ. Tehran: Asāṭīr.
    65. Narāqī, A. (1998 AD/1419 AH). Mustanad al-Shīʻah. Qom: Āl al-Bayt Li Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth Foundation.
    66. Nisāʼī, A. (1990 AD/1411 AH). al-Sunan al-Kubrā. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyyah.
    67. Noldeke, T. (1999 AD/1378 SH). History of Iranians and Arabs during the Sassanid Period. (Zaryab Kho’i, A. Trans). Tehran: Research Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies.
    68. Pirniya, H; Iqbal, A. (2001 AD/1380 SH). History of Iran from the Beginning to the Extinction of the Qajar Dynasty. Tehran: Khayyam.
    69. Pirniya, H. (1996 AD/1375 SH). History of Iran from the Beginning to the Extinction of the Qajar Dynasty. Tehran: World of Books.
    70. Qārī, M. (1986 AD/1406 SH). al-Asrār al-Marfūʻah fī al-Akhbār al-Marfūʻah (Al-Mawḍūʻāt al-Kubrā). Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī.
    71. Qurṭubī, M. (1985 AD/1405 AH). al-Jāmiʻ li Aḥkām al-Qurān. Beirut: Dār Iḥyaʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
    72. Rāwandī, Q. (1988 AD/1409 AH). al-Kharāʼij wa al-Jarāʼih. Qom: al-Imām al-Mahdī Foundation.
    73. Rāwandī, M. (2003 AD/1382 SH). Social history of Iran. Tehran: Negah.
    74. Rayaan, M. (2015 AD/1395 SH). "Dating the Narratives Condemning the Social Presence of Women in Fariqayn Sources." Doctoral Dissertation. University of Qom.
    75. Samʻānī, A. (1987 AD/1408 AH). al-Ansāb. Beirut: Dār al-Janān.
    76. Sicily, d. (2005 AD/1384 SH). Iran and the Ancient East in the Historical Library of Iran during the Sassanid Period. (Bikas, H; Sangari, E. Trans). Tehran: Jami.
    77. Suyūtī, J. (n.d.). al-Durr al-Manthūr fī Tafsīr Bil Maʼthūr. Beirut: Dār al-Maʻrifah.
    78. Shabankarei, M. (2002 AD/1381 SH). Majmaʻ al-Ansāb. Tehran: Amir Kabir.
    79. Ṣāfī Gulpāyigānī, L. (1991 AD/1412 AH). al-Aḥkām al-Sharīʻah Thabitah lā Tataghayyar. Qom: Dār al-Qurān al-Karīm.
    80. Tirmidhī, M. (1983 AD/1403 AH). Sunan al- Tirmidhī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
    81. Tustarī, M. (1998 AD/1419 AH). Qāmūs al-Rijāl. Qom: al-Nashr al-Islāmī Publishing House.
    82. Thaʻālabī, M. (2005 AD/1384 SH). Thaʻālabī’s Shahnamah. (Hidayat, M. Trans). Tehran: Asatir.
    83. Thaʻālabī, A. (1997 AD/1418 AH). al-Jawāhir al-Ḥisān fī Tafsīr al-Qurān. Beirut: Dār Iḥyaʼ al-Turāth.
    84. Ṭabarānī, S. (1994 AD/1415 AH). al-Muʻjam al-Awsaṭ. Research by Badār al-Ḥaramiyn. Dār al-Ḥaramayn publication.
    85. Ṭabarī, M. (1989 AD/1368 SH). Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk. (Payandeh, A. Trans). Tehran: Asatir.
    86. Tolu’i, M. (2007 AD/1387 SH). History Encyclopedia. Tehran: Science.
    87. Ṭayālasī, A. (n.d.). Musnad Abī Dāwūd al-Ṭayālasī. Beirut: Dār al-Maʻrifah.
    1. Zīlaʻī, J. (1994 AD/1415 AH). Naṣb al.Rāyah Takhrīj Aḥadīth al.Hidāyah. Cairo: Dār al.Hadīth.
Hadith Studies and Researches
Volume 1, Issue 1 - Serial Number 1
January 2024
Pages 161-198

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 28 November 2023
  • Revise Date: 04 December 2023
  • Accept Date: 06 December 2023
  • First Publish Date: 22 December 2023
  • Publish Date: 22 December 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics